NOTE: 45

[... we should show], for it is a sign of hypocrisy. d. We must beware of running others down [and] of gossiping, whereby we make ourselves suspect and odious. For the hearers will suspect that, just as [such a one] slanders another before us, so likewise will he disparage us in the presence of another; wherefore a good man keeps silent [concerning] his fellow’s defects, and recounts his goodness. e. We must keep our tongue from tale-bearing, and not speak those words which sow hatred and strife among companion[s], friend[s], neighbour[s], and kinsman[s]. And not only is it evil and harmful to speak knowingly, but also to speak without heed; wherefore such backbiting and contentious persons are vile and abominable before all. f. We must beware, in social intercourse, of giving a man ill-boding news (*kara-khabar*); but if we know tidings of good news, let us speak them, and if we do not know [any], let us engage in other innocent talk. But if necessity compel [...]